When the voltage signal is lower than 450 mv, the air/fuel ratio is judged to be leaner than the ideal air/fuel mixture so the amount of fuel injected is increased at a constant rate. The increase in duration continues until the oxygen sensor switched to high voltage (rich air/fuel ratio). At this point, the ECM will slowly decrease the amount of fuel; therefore the air/fuel ratio oscillates slightly richer or leaner from the ideal air/fuel ratio. The result is an average of approximately 14.7:1. This produces the proper mixture of exhaust gases so that the catalytic converter operates at its most efficient level .....
As the engine and sensors change over time, the ECM needs a method to adjust the injection duration for improved driveability and emission performance. Fuel trim is a program in the ECM designed to compensate for these changes.
When in closed loop, the ECM modifies the initial injection duration based on the oxygen sensor. These minor corrections are needed to maintain the correct air/fuel ratio. However if more correction than normal (as determined by the ECM) is needed, the ECM will use the fuel trim strategy to compensate. Fuel trim allows the ECM to learn and adjust the injection duration quickly by reducing the correction time back to normal. This means driveability and performance will not suffer.