the pistons...
MOST brake systems work exactly the same give or take a few odds and ends...
basically you push the brake pedal down...it pushes a rod in the master cylinder...this causes the hydraulic fluid to be dispersed throughout the lines and to the calipers( obviously most systems use proportioning and balancing valves etc but for the sake of simplicity ill leave that out lol). the fluid goes through the lines to the pistons in the calipers. which then extend with the hydraulic pressure outwardas and with the pads put clamping force on the rotor. this in turn causes friction..friction is work.therefore slowing the rotor/wheel/car.
basically the big circles you put the brake pads over...are pistons...and thats what forced the pads onto the rotors.
*disclaimer...obviously many different types of braking systems as well as disc and drum...but im trying to keep it simple per this question
